Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Race and Ethnicity EssayStereotypes raft convey characters and images quickly and clearly, so denote relies on stereotypes as shortcuts to meaning. The time and space constraints of advertising and any other commercial messagely driven message simply cannot allow for a complete histrionics of pack from any given social group, but stereotypes can clue in to the importance responsibly. Depending on how they atomic number 18 formed and used, stereotypes can present problems. They can be used in functional or dysfunctional way.The functional aspects of stereotypes stereotype is valuable to create classifications of individuals and serves as conventional characters. So, they atomic number 18 functional when they are accepted as a natural way to guide our expectations. Dysfunctional stereotype, a stereotype in which abnormal or impaired aspects of a glossiness are emphasized. So, they are dysfunctional when they are used as the sole way to wholly judge individuals incorrectly, seeing them only as part of group. An sheath of a functional stereotype is that the Germans are punctual, which is correct.On average, they are more punctual than many other peoples. Certainly, the Italians and the Spanish have a different archetype of time. For the Spanish, knowledge of this aspect of the German culture means that they can adapt their behavior when they are expected for dinner, 8 oclock means 8 oclock, and not 9 or 10 as it does in Spain. An example of a dysfunctional stereotype is the British saying that the French are dirty, oversexed, and ludicrously obsessed with their culture, and the French saying that the British are cold, uncultivated, hypocritical, and unreliable.Yes, the British are more reserved in the eyes of the French, just like now, Hong Kong people think the mainland people are dirty, low education level, no civic sense and so on all these are dysfunctional stereotypes. However, it is necessary for the advertisements to sell the fact that the d ysfunctional aspects of stereotypes far outweigh the functional aspects. Constant exposure of representation of social individuality in stereotypical terms in media confabulation can make people experience the dangers in real life.For instance, In 2009 Coke Brrr side of life? television commercial, racial or national identity are presented in stereotypical terms. Problem arises when Blacks/Africans are more negatively stereotyped than Whites/Americans/Europeans and Japanese/Asians. Negative stereotypes generate negative social meanings or implications. By being depicted as lacking in seriousness in the midst of a serious world conference, the African representatives seem misplaced or misbehaved.The negative social implications of these Sambo stereotypes are that Africans are seen as less civilized and less educated than Europeans and Asians, and thus inferior to them. The negative racial stereotyping is inevitable. It is necessary for the maker of this commercial to exploit the f unctional aspects of stereotypescreating classifications of individuals and as conventional characters in popular storiesto achieve their profit-oriented goal.What is more significant for the producer(s) to consider is the possibility of audience?s increase anxiety that may be triggered by the broadcast of TV commercials with negative stereotypical representations like 2009 Coke Brrr side of life? and the risk of this anxiety to become audiences and consumers? resistance to the commercial and the advertised product. If resistance happens, it is unlikely that the producer(s) can reach their profit-oriented goal. http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=99PC7AtabVk youtube of Coke Brrr side of life? in 2009 television commercial

Using Picture Books in the Secondary Classroom Essay Example for Free

Using Picture Books in the Secondary Classroom Essay there be many reasons to use depict books in middle and spicy tame framerooms (Albright, 2002, 418). Picture books argon very useful in every subject atomic number 18as and all content areas that are taught to secondary students (Albright, 200, 418). in that respect are three st dates of planning and implementing that must be considered and understood when utilizing movie books in instructing older children (Albright, 2002, 419). In regulate to effectively use usher books during train a moth-eaten, the secondary teacher must plan, prepare and produce (Albright, 2002, 419).A teacher must plan what book will go with what lesson and ensure that the textual matter is age appropriate (Albright, 2002, 420). The teacher must also prepare a lesson that will make use of the picture book in such a fashion that students will be engaged in the text within the book (Albright, 2002, 421). Finally, the teacher must produce con templateing employ the selected picture book. In other(a) words, the teacher must be able-bodied to observe students learning the intended let outcomes while listening to and learning from the picture book (Albright, 2002, 421).The primary focus of using picture books in high grades is to increment students literacy skills and ability to analyze short stories (Tiedt, 2000, 1). Picture books have a great deal to offer middle and high school students (Tiedt, 2000, 1). There are four major reasons why teachers should consider using picture books in dogma secondary students (Tiedt, 2000, 1). The first is that picture books are useful resources for promoting good classroom discussions (Tiedt, 2000, 1).Second, picture books nominate engaging models for teaching penning (Tiedt, 2000, 1). Third, students fuck improve their oral language skills as they read out loud, performance dramatic reenactions and tell stories (Tiedt, 2000, 1). Fourth, stinker use picture books as models to write their own picture books and therefore enhancing their own individual creativity (Tiedt, 2000, 1). There are many reasons why picture books are so useful and should be incorporated into secondary classrooms (Young, 1).The themes of many picture books are appropriate for all ages and they include many genres that cover topics of importance to students of all ages (Young, 1997, 1). Second, many new picture books are published each year and older students may not have had the benefit of reading these new books. Using new picture books in secondary school settings exposes older students to resources they may otherwise have lost(p) as new picture books incorporate better artwork and more high quality metaphor and description (Young, 1997, 1).Third, picture books are incorporating many more real world events and topics than they have in the past. For example, more picture book writers are writing around such issues as war, global warming and nuclear destruction (Young, 1997, 1). F ourth, the short format of books allows for unaccented incorporation into lessons. The material in short picture books is easy for secondary students to enshroud and therefore students are able to quickly grasp the subject so they can move on towards creatively applying the material to the topic or subject being studied (Young, 1997, 1).Finally, picture books the pictures in picture books can be used as a comprehension aid for secondary students (Young, 1997, 1). In the current age of television and delineation games, secondary students have become accustomed to using pictures to make connections so picture books build on this ability. The visual cues in pictures allow students to easily comprehend what they are reading and use those applications in the lesson material (Young, 1997, 1). One subject where picture books can be enormously useful is in math (Spicer, 2004, 1).Typically, picture books that discuss math concepts are only used in the primary levels of school. However, the re are a great many picture books that can mature even high school students excited some math (Spicer, 2004, 1). For example, uncomplicated school students will gain a firm grasp on geometrical concepts when reading Sir Cumference and the First Round Table. The book details the efforts of Sir Cumference and his son Radius, in showing the knights how they can all sit peacefully at a substantial table (Spicer, 2004, 1).High school students would enjoy the silliness of this book as well as reviewing basic geometry concepts (Spicer, 2004,1). Similarly, there are many picture books that can be applied to high school life. One good example is The Dot and the Line A Romance in Lower Mathematics. This book is about a love triangle. The straight line is in love with the dot that is in love with the squiggle. By the end of the fib, high school students will learn that when a line bends a little, a vector is created (Spicer, 2004, 1).Students of all ages love picture books (Spicer, 2004, 1 ). There are many fun and easy shipway to incorporate picture books into secondary math lessons (Spicer, 2004, 1). Students can choose a book from a list provided by the teacher and write a embrace about the math concepts included in the story (Spicer, 2004, 1). They can also write mathematical sequels or prequels to books that are read aloud in class (Spicer, 2004, 1). Utilizing picture books as part of math lessons will ensure that weeks later secondary students recall both the story and the lesson (Spicer, 2004, 1).Another way that picture books are useful in the secondary classroom is in assisting struggling readers (McEwan, 2007, 1). Generally, high school students read very long and complex textbooks (McEwan, 2007, 1). The problem lies in the concomitant that struggling readers cannot use these textbook to learn because they are not fluent enough readers (McEwan, 2007, 1). Therefore, picture books can foster struggling readers become better readers at the same time that th ey are learning the same concepts as the other students (McEwan, 2007, 1).In addition, background knowledge is important when teaching nonfiction concepts to secondary school students (McEwan, 2007, 1). Easy nonfiction books should be collected and provided to students who need alternative resources when textbooks are too challenging for them (McEwan, 2007, 1). Further, when students gain the necessary background knowledge and learn advert concepts through reading easy nonfiction picture books, they are able to gain the confidence to try the more challenging textbook material (McEwan, 2007, 1).In instal to assist struggling readers, a comprehensive list of nonfiction picture books aimed at math, science and other subjects should be compiled and made available to teachers and students (McEwan, 2007, 1). paternity is another(prenominal) subject area where picture books provide an enormous benefit to secondary students (Culham, 2000, 1). Picture books are a readily available unless untapped resource that many secondary teachers are just beginning to discover (Culham, 2000, 1). Picture books can be highly visual and motivating in teaching students to become better writers (Culham, 2000, 1).Picture books can be used as models to help writing students organize their thoughts in meaningful ways, to research new topics and destiny different view orders about diverse topics (Culham, 2000, 1). Using picture books can show students how other authors use word choice, and editing to create a polished composing of written work (Culham, 2000, 1). In addition, picture books can enable students to use a small follow of text to find a large amount of meaning (Culham, 2000, 1). There are a wide variety of topics available in using picture books and these topics can inspire creativity in writing students (Culham, 2000, 1).Picture books explore current and relevant topics that can further enhance writing ideas (Culham, 2000, 1). Finally, picture books can often inspire fr esh creativity about old ideas that can lead to better writing (Culham, 2000, 1). Social studies is another area where picture books can be easily incorporated into lesson plans (Young, 1997, 1). The study of throng places and cultures are natural compliments to picture books (Young, 1997, 1). The true life events of the past and present can be portrayed through the eyes of the characters and current events can be explored (Young, 1997, 1).Events such as World War II, the Vietnam War and Paul Reveres ride teach about these historical events in easy to follow formats (Young, 1997, 1). In addition, current events such as homelessness can be stringd through short picture books that incorporate pictures and text to convey the distressfulness of such issues (Young, 1997, 1). Science can very easily incorporate picture books (Young, 1997, 1). An obvious example would be the Magic School Bus series that explores various science concepts through and elementary classroom and its use of th e magic school bus to take field trips (Young, 1997, 1).These books explore science concepts that are easy for elementary school students to understand but are also relevant to secondary school students as they provide good introductions into science concepts that can then be built upon (Young, 1997, 1). These books provide a way to explore science through the eyes of children and include a great many side notes and text that describe such concepts as the solar system, the human body, the earth and the water cycle (Young, 1997, 1). Finally, picture books can be successfully incorporated into vocabulary lessons (Bartell, 2005, 57).In fact, picture books can be used as an alternative to traditional vocabulary instruction (Bartell, 2005, 57). Traditional vocabulary instruction often makes students copy words and their definitions into notebooks but picture books allow students to as models to create their own picture books. The use of alphabet books gives students the creative ideas ne cessary to write their own text and therefore increase vocabulary as they write (Bartell, 2005, 57). The nature of picture books allow for high levels of vocabulary and the illustrations provide further avenues for students to make connections between pictures and words (Bartell, 2005, 57).Picture books in the hands of skilled language arts teachers can create lessons of extraordinary educational value (Young, 1997, 1). The content of the picture books are important in change magnitude secondary students reading and writing abilities but their value goes far beyond this content (Young, 1997, 1). The pictures used in childrens literature can also help students build awareness of language as well as explore illustrations as a way to communicate meaning in a non frighten way (Young, 1997, 1). Therefore, teachers need to be cautious when choosing picture books to incorporate into lesson plans.They must choose picture books based on the quality of the art and the quality of the text (Y oung, 1997, 1). The pictures and the text need to work together to provide a comprehensive book that will be easily incorporated into the lesson plan (Young, 1997, 1). In order to successfully picture books into secondary classrooms, some important changes need to be made (Young, 1997, 1). The first is the attitude that picture books are childrens literature. Instead, picture books should obviously be viewed as literature (Young, 1997, 1).Once this attitude is changed then educators can start seeing the curriculum opportunities that picture books offer (Young, 1997, 1). Picture books entertain students and provide information about a wide variety of topics that can then lead to a greater understanding of the world (Young, 1997, 1). Picture books are another tool that literacy teachers should know about, have access to and incorporate into their lesson plans (Young, 1997, 1). Teachers have been reading aloud to elementary school students for centuries (Guignon, 2001, 1).Research has shown the value of reading out loud to emerging readers (Guignon, 2001, 1). However, once a child learns to read on his or her own, being read to out loud often decreases or stops all told (Guignon, 2001, 1). Reading aloud to students of any age helps them improve the important literacy skills of reading, writing, speaking and listening (Guignon, 2001, 1). Students listen to stories read out loud on a higher level then they read on their own and so hearing stories read out loud stimulates their understanding of vocabulary and language patterns (Guignon, 2001, 1).There are some important guidelines for teachers when reading out loud to secondary students (Guignon, 2001, 1). The first is that the teacher and students must make time to discuss the story in order to expand student understanding of the topic the story covers (Guignon, 2001, 1). Second, the illustrations should be used to encourage prediction and interpretation. Using the illustrations can add to the students understand ing of the events in the story (Guignon, 2001, 1). Third, read out loud gives students the opportunity to learn more about different authors and illustrators.It also allows them to look forward to reading other books by popular authors (Guignon, 2001, 1). Fourth, hearing picture books read out loud gives students the chance to relate the stories to their own experiences (Guignon, 2001, 1). Finally, reading out loud brings in more curriculum associate topics that are of special interest to the class (Guignon, 2001, 1). Teachers are often wary of presenting controversial and private topics into their curriculum and instruction (Bartell, 2005, 57). Picture books provide an outlet for these issues by presenting the material in non threatening way (Bartell, 2005, 57).Secondary students are often facing many stressors as they are not quite grown all the same but are no longer children. Their bodies are changing as are the nature of their social situations (Bartell, 2005, 57). Picture b ooks provide a way for students to explore the issues that present themselves at this point in life by exposing them to characters going through similar experiences (Bartell, 2005, 57). Picture books are short and get right to the point so they provide an easy way to show secondary students how to deal with situations that they are experiencing (Bartell, 2005, 57).

The main premises and limitations of functionalism

The main premises and limitations of practicableismThe theory I scram chosen is functionalism, whose basis is the systemic nature of last, or what might be virtually appropriately designated as a glue opinion of polish. I am however, deeply aware that no theory relieves everything and every theory has its limitations, reason why the grand theories all failed calling for complementarity in the theoretical frameworks and methodological assumptions that informs our research. This fact apologises the continuous growth of theory in anthropology from evolutionism with its unilineality to poststructuralist theories today. In what follows, I will explain and illustrate the main premises of functionalism, and highlight the limitations of the functionalist framework.Functionalism was one of the earliest anthropological theories. Its main theoretical postulate is an analogy of the human organism as a microcosm of society parts as make up the whole, different individuals playing differe nt roles and having different statuses, although one individual can have different statuses simultaneously. agree to this metaphor, the various parts of the human body like the traits and institutions of a culture are interrelated and work together to ensure its proper functioning (see Barth, 197920-22). sideline one of functionalisms precursors, Polish-born British anthropologist Malinowski, who is associated with bio-cultural/psychological functionalism, cultural institutions are meant to meet human instrumental needs economics, societal control, education, political organization among another(prenominal)s. On the other hand, Radcliffe-Brown who genuine the idea of social structure presents human society as found on networks of social relationship and that institutions maintain society as a system. The exit between Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown is that unlike the former who emphasizes the individual, the latter sees the individual as irrelevant(G dodderingschmidt,1996510) As a critique against evolutionism, diffusionism and historicism, functionalism wanted a shift a dash from speculative fib and cultural survivals to ahistorical synchronic study of social institutions within bounded, functioning societies(Young,1991445).The core idea of the functionalists was to look for the universe of events in their present day manifestations. This does not imply a whole somewhat rejection of narration per se but rather, a rejection of what Harris (1968524) calls pseudo- recital. Methodologically speaking, the functionalists viewed society in systematic terms, parts as world babelike on one another so as to maintain social equilibrium, but they recognized the prospects for internal social conflicts and disequilibrium. The second methodological premise is that of intense fieldwork through the traditional method of participant observation. It implies in this slip of paper, the search for functional relationships among customs and institutions as a useful mec hanism of abstracting data. And thirdly, psychoanalysis was to be based on short while scale.As recent advances in anthropological and sociological theory suggests, culture is contestation and we need to write against the whole concept of culture so as to embrace the very dynamism of anthropological fieldwork due to the mobility of subjects owing to globalization. Gupta and Ferguson (19974) have rightly called for anthropology to embrace changing trends in contemporaneous world marked by people, objects and ideas rapidly shifting. These shifts they argue have changed the notion of the field as a fixed territorial space and of people as immobile and dealt a serious blow to the traditional notion of community as bounded. This is quite evident when considering new tribes like refugees, migrants, displaced and nomadic communities. They note that culture is not bounded and therefore does not occupy designated spaces. They further note that such conception do not account for people inh abiting borderlands nor do they cipher in cultural differences of people occupying the same geographical space. They further assert that post-coloniality and globalization have heralded the idea of hybrid cultures in which concepts like personal identity and solidarity are no longer based on proximity to marked spaces and tactual sensation zones and thus making the case for a radical re-thinking of anthropological models of analysis (Ibid). Following Appadurai, (1991 191,196), the contemporary world structured by the overarching effects of globalization has become quite de-territorialized in ways that have altered the conception of vicinity and space. In the same light, Fox and Gingrich note that of late, the notion of whole cultures or integrated societies has been questioned and new ideas about globalization, cultural flows, fragmentation and fluid signs have been touted as definitive blows to anthropologys traditional objects of study local communities of some order (200227). Clifford also observed that ethnographic studies seeking to disassociate themselves from totalizing anthropology use multiple allegories (1986103). Against this backdrop, there has been a shift from single to multiple case studies study individuals both in the village and in the urban milieu to which they have migrated, from single to multiple case studies, calling for the need to always extend out beyond the locale of natives and capture the voices of those away from home since migration may presuppose a change or modification of values and lifestyle. Multiple case study designs have been variously justified Ethnographic data from multiple-case studies is often considered more persuasive and thus making the boilersuit study more robust (Yin, 1994141). A multiple case study exposes regularities through the simultaneous inspection of numerous cases (Eckstein, 2000137). All other things being equal, a finding emerging repeatedly in the study of numerous sites (a multi-site study) wou ld seem to be more likely to be a good working hypothesis about some yet unstudied site than a finding emerging from just one or two sites (Schofield, 200079). Such a study is capable of going beneath the political binaries (Burawoy,19986) of researcher and subject, local, national and international contexts so as to uncover multiple processes, interests and identities since the postcolonial context provides fertile background for re-condensing these proliferating differences around local, national, and global links in view of the fact that various actors and stakeholders are multiply drawn into alliances at all levels (Buroway,199811).Like any other theoretical perspective, functionalism has received its own share of criticisms. Among these is the fact that the presence of an institution cannot precede its existence usefully suggesting that functionalist explanations carry a hardened notion of culture which is obviously not the case because historical processes are always at work . It is further assumed not to be concerned with social processes and to negate cross-cultural comparison because it sees every institution insitu.As one of the earliest anthropological theories, its forerunners suffered from lack of historical data in so-called primitive societies which might have greatly inhibited the quality of the data they obtained and therefore the type of analysis and theory they eventually came to construct. Secondly, proto-anthropology was begun by non-professionals missionaries, travelers, and colonial administrators who wrote mostly to exoticize the communities they had come in contact with and to entertain people. First hour anthropologists were therefore partly preoccupied with making sense of these societies from the standpoint of the natives through participant observation. They were further preoccupied with concomitant questions, particular institutions, how societies that were presumed to have no histories and other institutions were capable of mee ting particular cultural needs. Generally, they adopted an encyclopedic tradition, trying unlike today to study and grasp the functional relevance and interrelationships of every institution to the other within a given culture. E.E. Evans-Pritchards (1940) classic study of the Nuer for instance, shows how an understanding of social structure is important to grasping the overall functioning of Nuer acephalous society. He does this victimization his concepts of fussion and fission, segmentation and combination with segments of the same order. By so doing, he demonstrates that in politics there are no permanent enemies. Malinowskis study of the Trobriand Islanders of New Guinea and the ceremonial annual kula Ring exchange shows its association with magic, religion, kinship and trade. In the same light, in Argonautes of the Western peaceable (1922), he paints a total picture of the peoples life through participant observation detailing among others, their technology, sexual life, everyd ay life and conflict resolution.One way of going beyond the limitations of these studies would have been to see these societies in historical context, as dynamic over time since the overall vision of the functionalist was not to negate history but rather, only to explain the present. Such a view will reconceptualize culture, not as based on consensus but rather as renegotiated by stakeholders in the light of changing circumstances. They dealt with circumscribed field sites and therefore did not go beyond local or how extra-local forces affected individuals in the societies that they studied. It is true from the history of sociological theory that every theoretical perspective has its shortcomings, calling for the need for complementarity. This is even more accentuated because social phenomena are multifaceted- different causal factors might explain the existence of a particular phenomenon. For instance, the classic example of Durkheims suicide based on observation may not be tenable today because of changes in social structures. Theories are rooted in particular historical epochs. Time changes and certain explanations become untenable, calling for more research and the need to reformulate old theories or discard them totally. This further demonstrates the spatio-temporal relativity of truth. There are of course, no universal truths despite the existence of cultural universals. Functionalist theories emerged as a response to the crisis of social order, seemingly the outcome of two developments. The first was industrial society with its loss of community, poor working conditions and increase in crime. The second was the French revolution with its ideals of equality, pleasure and freedom of the individual. These two events were influential in the development of the consensus theory, although this theory fails to address conflict.Often times, some studies are replicated using different theoretical assumptions over time demonstrating that no theory is capable of e xplaining every aspect of human society. This explains why some anthropologists return to their field sites several years later so as to map the various changes that have taken place after their fieldwork. The dilemma with grand theories such as functionalism is their claim of attempting to explain every known phenomenon in the universe. The Durkheimian theory on suicide for example, seems to present a unilineal view of culture- some social groups and people with a protestant religious ethos are more attached to commit suicide than others. But even within a group, the groups values are constantly being contested and each group in reality might have multiple identities. Culture is actually a constant field of contest, negotiation and constant renegotiation.In summary, functionalism was geared towards investigating particular phenomenon using particular theoretical assumptions and methodological approaches. The authors were preoccupied with particular questions which largely determin ed their theoretical assumptions and above all, these theories were imbricated in particular historical moments and with changing times, some of their assumptions have been shown to be faulty.

Effects of Supply Chain and Logistics on Performance

Effects of append Chain and Logistics on PerformanceINTRODUCTIONIn this particular chapter, nurture is presented with the aim of providing a background in with regards to the number on hand. This topic will include several aspects background of the select, research stemma, the aim and objectives of the study, hypothesis, problems and limitations of the study and definition of terminal figures.Background of the study is the general introduction to put up cooking stove and logistic forethought and financial matters link to these counselling systems with relevant information regarding JJ nutriment service as a dispersal firm. The research problem provides the primary focus of the study which includes a wider range and detailed questions which take to be answered through and through this study. The aim and objectives of the study provides the goals which atomic number 18 to be achieved at the end, although at that place atomic number 18 different methodologies engaged in answering the research problem that is menti angiotensin converting enzymed. The research hypothesis is considered to be statements which be to be proven through kayoed the study using the congregated data. In the study statistical analysis will be used to create an easy understanding of the data. The definition of terms provides the technical concepts that be used at bottom the study to provide an easier reference to understand how the information is used through the study.Background of the StudyAt the current time the market place conditions are far much dynamic than at any time in the past. Leaders and managers now cave in to think and act appropriately in order to minimize the harmful effects of the economic downturn on their organisation, in terms of two its performance and future growth. The importance of submit reach and logistics prudence has always been dependant on market conditions and the imperatives that drive organisations strategic goals. The same could be said for todays dynamic market. The integration of logistics process has given tolerate to what we now describe as supplement d stinginging string forethought. offer kitchen stove counsel is the term used to describe the way of the flow of materials, information, and funds crosswise the entire add on drawing string, from suppliers to component producers to final assemblers to distributors and ultimately to the consumers. In fact it oftentimes includes after-gross revenue service and returns and recycling. Supply fibril and logistics caution have generated much hobby in recent years for various amounts of different reasons. Many managers now realize that action taken by one member of try kitchen stove base influence the entire profitability of separate append chains. Supply chain counselling typically involves coordination of information and materials among multiple firms. The live of poor coordination dejection result in extremely high back fall in the firm. Therefore, managing tot chains and logistics effectively, is very important for managers to be able to make decisions near the repose betwixt cutting expenses and continuing to provide better service for the end user. There have been many articles written on how to improve the expertness in the fork out chain through up(p) technologies and processes.In this dissertation, impacts of well-managed bring home the bacon chain and logistics activities are taken into consideration by executives to have enough corporate trust to believe that affix chain and logistics precaution have as much value as gross revenue and marketing. Effective and efficient total chains and logistics operations have signifi usher outt factors in organisations which affect overall and financial performance.This topic has been chosen for many reasons. Firstly, managing logistics and supply chain processes are essential for companies to reduce gratuitous cost and to give best service to consumers. Sec ondly, managing rescue infrastructure during financial ecological niche periods often proves its importance, because it provides valuable data by which is considered to have effective outcomes. During the recession period it is very vital for businesses to make stable decisions which will affect the companies financial performance, therefore the act of cutting down on costs has to be carefully considered. Finally, keeping performance levels high during economic downturns croup really help the companies, keep and attract their customers.The term supply chain worry varies in different forms, however in reality it is an extension of the ideas which have been developed from the nature of logistics. This is the major difference between supply chain management and traditional logistics. In this dissertation both management areas are examined in order to regain how they differentiate, how they are affiliated to each other and in what cases they affect on firms financial performance a nd future growth.The supply chain and logistics management can take many forms depends on the structure of the business. The concept for the food service assiduity is if you are out of stock, you are out of business. Therefore, the importance of getting products ordered, stored and delivered make supply chain management and logistics management very essential for a food service distributor. Most of the concept surrounding distribution is related to cost. Analysts and strategists are managers for supply chains and logistics operations who are able to balance the costs charm maintaining a good level of performance.The aim of this dissertation is to examine the differentials of supply chain and logistics managements that create various effects on firms financial performance in a food service.Research ProblemThis study focuses on supply chain and logistics management activities, which are essential for companies financial performance in both long and short term preparation. JJ food se rvice is a food distribution firm which has managed to improve its financial performance and kept growing sluice during financial recession periods.The specific research problems for this dissertation includes following questionsWhat is the importance of an effective supply chain and logistics management?How has the evolution in the market moved(p) the supply chain and logistics management role?Does technology help the supply chain and logistics activities?How can functions be improved between operations and finance?The estimate and Objectives of this StudyThe aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of supply chain and logistics management on financial performance. In addition, it is very important to consider all issues of logistics and supply chain management related to financial performance to meet the research aim. Following research activities will be consideredTo provide relevant and additional information, regarding supply chain management, logistics management, co st analysis and financial activities within organisations.To add existent body of knowledge.To investigate the relationship between logistics and supply chain management and companys financial performance.To investigate the value of supply chain and logistics management and how operations can be mapped with finance.To draw conclusion and provide specific recommendations regarding the relationship between supply chain-logistics management and firms financial performance.The Research HypothesisHypothesis of this study are utter as followsSupply chain and logistics management carry to justify the cost of delivery. It is alike necessary to measure the impact of these management activities on financial performance.The new system, Microsoft Dynamics AX (Axapta), has proven itself to be very efficient and a highly recommend technological tool in terms of getting products ordered, stored and delivered.Definition of TermsMicrosoft Dynamics (Axapta)Axapta is defined by Mourao and Weiner (2 005) to be the Microsofts entry in the packaged business application market and it provides out-of-the-box functionality for managing your business or organisation, including modules for every business area, from supply chain management (SCM) and financials to shop floor control to store management.RouteNet (Distribution Resource preparation Software)Baker B. (2006) defines DRP systems as they operate by breaking down the flow of material from the source of supply through the distribution lucre of depots and transportation modes. This is undertaken on a time-phased basis to ensure that the required-at the chasten place, at the right time, one of the classic distribution definitions. Integrated systems of this nature require complex, computerised information systems as their basis such as RouteNet. RoadNet consent you to route and schedule your orders quickly and efficiently in a continuously changing environment. If you know what needs to be where and when, then RoadNet will tell you which of your vehicles to use to service which customer, at what time and in what order.Cisco liquid Sky Device (M3 Sky)M3 Sky from M3 Mobile is a fully-featured PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) that runs a version of Microsoft Windows Mobile 5. The M3 Sky combines different technologies such as Bluetooth, GSM, GPS and GPRS.RELATED LITERATURE REVIEWIn this chapter the existing literature is provided for a purpose of giving insights to what has been known, and what has been previously done in relation to the topic being discussed. There are several sections that are cover from different prospective and literature which are gathered from different authors. The sub-topic covered in this chapter includes supply chain management, logistics management and related financial performance in relationship to the mentioned management activities,Supply chain managementOverviewIn the times before the 1980s organisations were using terms such as operation management and logistics. In early 1 980s, the concepts of materials, transportation and distribution management began to combine into a single term Supply Chain Management. In the late 1980s the term supply chain management has grown significantly and came into widely used in 1990s. According to Jayashankar et al. (1996) supply chain is to be a network of mugwump or semi-independent business bodies collectively responsible for procurance, manufacturing, and distribution activities linked with one or more families of related products.After 1990s supply chain management has become one of the main topic and challenge facing all companies. Companies were believed that every product has its own supply chain therefore supply chain management was getting more complicated. It is even more complex in reality, as each organization works with many different products-often thousand. Cohen. S and Roussel J. (2005) stated that now many companies have addressed major supply chain challenges through selection and implementation of ERP and APS tools such as SAP, Microsoft Dynamics and so on. They are finding that after implementation they are once again challenged with discovering and managing the core disciplines of supply chain management. The challenge of the next decade is to leverage the founding principles of supply chain management and move this management discipline forward.Defining the Supply Chain ManagementThere are different definitions of supply chain management from different authors. Some definitions are offered down the stairsStanley E. Fawcett, Lisa M. Ellram, Jeffery A. Ogden (2007) defines the supply chain management as managing the flow of information and materials from the suppliers suppliers to customers customers. From a practical point of view, managers associate Supply chain management with better shared resources, information exchange, and win-win relationships among the members of the chain. The job of the Supply chain manager is to find opportunities to work with customers and supp liers to reduce costs while improving services given. The mission is to use technology and teamwork to build efficient and effective processes that create value for the end customer. (Stanley E. Fawcett, Lisa M. Ellram, Jeffery A. Ogden, 2007)The definition of supply chain management is the management of upstream and downstream relationships with suppliers and customers to deliver superior customer value at less cost to the supply chain as a whole. (Christopher M. 1998, p 18)The supply chain is non only includes the manufacturer and suppliers, but also transporters, warehouses, retailers, and customer themselves.The systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole. (Mentzer, DeWitt, Deebler, Min, Nix, Smith, and Zacharia , 20 01, p 8).Supply chain management is the integration of business processes from end user through original suppliers that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers. (Lmabert M. D, Stock M. J. and Ellram M. L., 1998, p 504)According to Hugos M. (2006) supply chain management is the coordination of production, armoury, location, and transportation among the participants in a supply chain to achieve the best mix of responsiveness and efficiency for the market being served in lowest cost.It must be identified that the concept of supply chain management is in fact no more than an extension of the logic of logistics. Logistics management is primarily concerned with optimising flows within the organisation supply chain management recognizes that internal integration by itself is non sufficient.Supply Chain Management ActivitiesPlanning and ForecastingEvery supply chain program starts with a device. Planning gives the ability to prognosis and analyze product demand, economic trends and customers needs. According to Blanchard D. (2007) supply chain cookery plans the assets to optimize the delivery of good and services and also balances supply and demand with the information from supplier to customer. Supply chain planning provides what-if scenarios that weigh real-time demand commitments when creating forecasts. And Hugos M. (2006) states that supply chain management decisions are based on forecasts which allow to define which products are required, how many of these products is to be called for, and when they are needed. The demand forecast is essential for companies to plan their operations and to work together among each other to reach market demand.Purchasing and ProcurementIn a definition provided by Waters D. (2003) purchasing is a mechanism to initiate and control the flow of materials through the supply chain and procurement is one of supply chain management activity that acquire all the materials needed by an organizations.Pr ocurement and purchasing are usually taken into same meaning. However, purchasing stands for the actual buying, while procurement has a broader meaning. Procurement includes different types of acquisition (purchasing, contracting, rental etc.) and also negotiating, agreeing terms, transport, materials handling, monitoring supplier performance, receiving goods from suppliers and warehousing.Procurement is crucial for any organisation, if procurement is managed badly, for instance wrong materials are delivered to wrong place in wrong quantity and so on.Procurement and purchasing is essential and also responsible for a lot of expenditure. They are instantaneously responsible for spending relatively small improvement in these activities can give substantial benefits.ManufacturingOne of the main spotlight of supply chain management appears in manufacturing. Product design, manufacturing scheduling, facility management, order management are the main activities of manufacturing which is p assing from customers back through supply chain and from supply chain to manufacturing. arsenal and WarehousingWaters D. (2003) point out that an inventory is a list of things held in stock. Regardless the fact that there are o lot of differences between a multi billion international retailer and a single one stop shop, in fact they opera2te on the same principles if you are out of stock, you are out of business. A warehouse management system controls, manages, and regulates the movement of goods within a warehouse or distribution centre. Typical features of a warehouse management system include inventory management, picking and put away, order visibility, and fulfilment. Blanchard D. (2007, p 128)TransportationWaters D. (2003) defines that transport is responsible for the physical movement of materials between points in the supply chain. Blanchard D. (2007) highlights that transportation is the lifeblood of any supply chain, however a companys logistics department tends to be an in visible link in that chain and transport is certainly one of its main components.Location SelectionBlanchard D. (2007) states that on-time delivery is fundamental for supply chain management, and its a keystone benchmark to achieve the perfect order. A perfect distribution network has to be built to give the best service to the customers.The best-run organizations have developed their supply chains that extend from their customers customers to their suppliers suppliers.GlobalizationIn recent years, an make up rate of globalization has changed the nature of organisations and also their supply chains. Products even different parts of a product are no longer produced and consume within the same country. This creates more complex supply chains, and therefore it also changes the requirements within supply chain management. This also affects the effectiveness of computer systems employed in the supply chain.Globalization also brings foreign competition into markets that traditionally we re local. Local companies are thereby forced to respond by improving their manufacturing practices and supply chain management. disconcert M.S. (1992) states that market conditions force companies to reduce inventory levels and contain times and increase flexibility with maintaining high level of performance.Issues in Supply Chain ManagementClasic logistics management objective is managing the activities to have the right product, in the right quantity, at the right place, at the right time and at minimum cost. On the figure below Newem-Workgroup creates four main areas for this objective within the supply chain management which are flexibility, delivery reliability, delivery time and inventory level.Delivery reliability and delivery time presently link customer service, and highly depends on flexibility, and inventory level.Supply Chain Management DriversSupply chain management activities are mentioned in previous section. There are main driver which coordinates all the activiti es in supply chain and main drivers of supply chain management are connected with the information chain among these drivers. Information is based on the decisions regarding the other four supply chain drivers. It is the connection between all of the activities and operations in a supply chain. It is clearer to see on the figure below how information drives other four. According to Hugos M. (2006) information is used for two main purposes in supply chain managementCoordinating daily activities related to production, inventory, location, and transportation. Supply chain management uses the available data which is gathered from these drivers to decide on weekly production schedules, inventory levels, transportation routes, and stocking locations.The information is used to make tactical forecasts to plan the setting of monthly and quarterly production schedules and timetables. Information is also used for strategic forecasts to plan decisions about whether to create new facilities, ente r a new market, or exit an existing market.The Impact of Supply Chain Management on financial MeasuresProfitability is the ultimate measure of business success. When we look at the basic financial figures that make up the various elements of profits we will realize that supply chain management without doubt has significant affect on financial measures. First of all, managing supply chain cost is half the battle in kill that mission. Supply chain management does indeed influence corporate value.In the previous chapters affectivity of supply chain management activities on financial performance have been examined briefly. The topic of this chapter is to feature the effect of supply chain management on common financial indicators.Balance sheet reports and the income statement are already recognize as indicators of an organisations financial performance.According to Stolowy H. and Lebas M. (2006), the income statement measures profitability by taking into forecast the revenues and ex penses during a period of time. The income statement reports how the companys financial performance is achieved. We must also take into measure that it is useful to show the impact of supply chain management activities during a period of time from the perspective of sales and costs.In a definition provided by Hales J. (2005) a balance sheet presents a financial status or net worth of a business. It shows the amount or balance between the assets and liabilities which will partly be based on the activities that are summarized in the income statement.We will concentrate on these financial elements to explain the impact of supply chain management on financial performance.The Impact of Supply Chain Management on the Income StatementThe main figure of the income statement is net income, which is obtained through the calculation of various figures as it is seen from the table below operations, which are managed via supply chain activities directly, affect the figures on this table even tho ugh figures are not related to costs.Effect of supply chain management on the income statement will be detailed in the following figures sales, sales returns and allowances, cost of goods sold, in operation(p) expenses, interest expenses and income taxes.SalesThe first component of income statement is sales. This depends on the operations which are managed mostly by supply chain activities. Camerinelli, E. (2009) lists the benefits, glitches, etc. of supply chain management activities on sales as followsThe first problem of the supply chain is known as usual suspect which occurs when a company runs out of inventory. When this happens, sales will be certainly affected negatively. The affect of this can be dramatic. A study has proven that when this happens this may affect the shareholders value up to 25 percent.Supply chain problems can negatively affect sales growth when a company fails to switch from production to owned or assure facilities located in markets that have high retai l process for the products that are being produced. if a company wants to improve sales flows and supply a greater volume of products to customers showing high levels of demand, then the company must be flexible, responsive and reliable in the delivery of those products. Achieving this goal to a high model is heavily dependent on the attribute of supply chain operations.When a company fails to be flexible, this will affect the supply chains affectivity to respond to changes in the market when needed, this will cause latency in the speed of delivering goods to the consumer. If the supply chain is not reliable, a company will perform poorly and this business leader mean not being able to deliver the right product to the right place, at the right time, in the right quantity, in the right packaging, with the right documentation and to the right customer.Supply chain management has a growing potential to be viewed as a front-line office tool. The supply chain can be critical in suppor ting the exchange of goods, information and funds. By taking in hand a study taken from General Motors that is in the automobile industry it showed that sales of $9 billion in parts and services contributed $2 billion in profits, on parallel to this car sales of $150 billion produced earnings of just $1 billion for the company. Service and support, therefore, are becoming just as important as the product itself. If the supply chain is to be at the heart of a companys service and support processes, then it must ensure that it does not fail to overcome the demands placed by the companys needs.Sales Returns and AllowancesWhen we look into sales returns and allowances, it is easy to highlight another area where supply chain management must retain its strength. Camerinelli, E. (2009) mentions that one of the typical faults in supply chain management which impact on sales returns and allowances is delayed deliveries. Return of goods can happen for many reasons such as poor quality of prod uct or service, incomplete or partial delivery of goods, incorrect quantities delivered or incorrect product attributes. These returns will eventually reduce total sales figures. If a company chooses to compensate the negative impact of these factors on customer satisfaction and loyalty by offering discounts or special prices, this will increase the allowance value and sales figures will be further eroded.Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)Another important component of income statement is cost of goods sold which represents the costs of resources consumed in manufacturing a particular product for sale, including the actual cost of materials and direct labour costs associated with getting the product into marketable condition. This component is directly related to supply chain operations because the activities and operations performed during the production are managed by supply chain activities. Camerinelli, E. (2009) lists the impacts of supply chain activities as followsThe leveraging pric e of the goods or services negotiates between the purchasing department and the suppliers sales department. If an organisation separated purchasing from supply chain operations which focuses on cost of materials, it will not benefit from the organic and cross-departmental perspective that tries to connect supplier relationship management closely with the characteristics of an efficiently and effectively managed supply chain.The purchase price may often stands for only a part of the total cost. The final price paid for a product or service must take into account the purchase price plus the costs of all other activities along the supply chain. Those companies that achieve best practice in cost management take this into account and factor in all the costs associated not only with producing a product or service, but also with delivering it to their customers which are managed by supply chain activities.Supply chain processes, such as warehouse management, materials handling, manufacturi ng operations management, production forecast planning, delivery, returns and post-sales operations management should be supported with programmes that use stream-mapping models, value-added and other techniques to deflect additional loses that might occur due to mismanagement of the supply chain. Failing to run these programmes, for instance, might unavoidably affect direct labour expenses which comprise the other element of the cost of goods sold calculation. This confirms that the elements cost of goods sold calculation is directly related to supply chain management.Operating ExpensesOperating expenses is the cost spent converting raw materials into sales in a specific time period. Administrative expenses, labor costs (both direct and indirect), marketing expenses, utility costs, etc. are all combine in operating expenses. Camerinelli, E. (2009) states that the supply chain management activities, which are registered under this heading usually occur in the back office. Operating expenses should all be taken into account so surprises or inexplicable hidden costs will be avoided. Failure to take into account of all these activities could potentially lead to harmful disruption. Camerinelli, E. (2009) has submitted that the most common activities of supply chain, which affects operation expenses, are as followsOne of the first back-office processes that must be taken into account to measure immaculate operating expenses is the management of business rules during planning cycles. This refers to the process of establishing and maintaining support criterias for supply chain planning. When the demand planning function is made more reliable, the flow of business along the supply chain will be much more stable consequently, the people responsible for running the supply chain will need less time to adapt to changes needed. This will cause in a more responsive supply chain, which means less time spent on tackling ideas. This is an example that was carried out by EyeO n, a consulting firm that specializes in the delivery of planning and control solutions to complex organisations. This research shows that an additional benefit of a more stable flow along the supply chain is reduced overtime in the production process.Another potential source of hidden operating expenses is the planning of total inventory limits, which includes raw materials, work in progress, and purchased finished goods. As investigations have been done to define an integrated supply chain transportation system by maintaining the data that characterizes the supply chain transportation requirements, there is significant potential to increase operating expenses.Another significant underestimated figure of operating expenses, which is directly affected by supply chain management activities, is the group of activities related to managing existing purchase orders or supplier contracts. These activities include processes such as the management of volume pricing, resolving problems and maintaining an exact picture of purchase orders or contracts.The factors mentioned above are linked the activities within the organization. Supply chain managers generally more focussed on managing cooperation with external partners which will partly form day-to-day tasks such as collecting, maintaining information to support delivery planning, and delivery requirements to warehouse data, transportation data and so on.Interest Expenses and Income TaxesInterest expenses and income taxes seem to be affected by non-operational activities which take into account only financial activities. Some researchers such as Fawcett, Ellram and Ogden, (2007) aim that there is a linkage between supply chain management and accounting, international tax law and corporate finance. However, none of the models proposed so far effectively consider the close coupling of production decisions with cash flow movements, royalty fees and dividend repatriations.On the other hand, with a little bit of investigat ion we can see that if an organization carefully selects a location to run supply chain activities, it can potentially benefit from tax intensives and financial assistance for industry. Likewise Camerinelli, E. (2009) stated that supply chain decisions which are related the choices such as new machinery and equipment, inventory on goods in transit and raw materials used in manufacturing can also affect excise tax exemption.The Impact of Supply Chain Management on the Balance SheetHaving seen how the quality of supply chain practices can positively or negatively affect the principal elements of income statement, we can now look at how supply chain management impacts on the other key report used by the financial community, the balance

Water Temperature And Evaporation Rate

Water Temperature And vaporization RateThis report details the scientific method apply to investigate the effects of irrigate temperature on the rate at which the water supply will fade.Project design planProblem statement The purpose of this try out was to comp be the effect of temperature on the vapour rate of water.The vision was to establish three containers of water. Each container contains the same inwardness of water. Surrounding air and humidity are unploughed consistent. One container is kept at a consistent room temperature one container is kept at a heated consistent temperature one container is kept at a cooled consistent temperature.The issue beingness examined is how the three different water temperatures jolts the rate at which the water evaporates from the container.The investigate was conceived as part of an drift to learn more about Global Warming. Since the world is made up of approximately 75% water, there is a desire to understand how increases in water temperature impacted the evaporation of water and if Global Warming could impact the worlds water base.Relevance of the question evaporation is the scientific process where a liquid is converted to a gas state by increasing the speed of its moleculars which causes a release in energy.Water evaporates faster at higher temperatures although any essence of heat resulting from the release of this energy will cause water to evaporate.Literature review http//www.engineeringtoolbox.com/evaporation-water-surface-d_690.html this site provides a detailed process and mathematical equations for calculating the amount of evaporated water from a water surfaces. The amount of evaporation depends on the temperature in the water and in the air, and the humidity and velocity of the air above the surface. This site tush be utilize as a reference to determine the level at which evaporation will occur in the experiment.http//www.usc.edu/CSSF/History/2002/Projects/J0615.pdf this site provid es the results of an experiment that mea genuined which factor had the extensiveest effect on the rate of evaporation of water. The factors tested were surface area, wind speed, air temperature and water temperature. The results of this experiment validated the surmise for this experiment.Experimental design The constants in this experiment were The case of water ( ten-strike) The amount of water The localisation where the water is placed The size of the container The number of test conducted The type of the container The length of time the water has to evaporateMaterials Used QuantityItem Description1Small theatre humidifier1Gallon jug of tap water1Graduated measuring cup1Digital wall mounted temperature and humidity gauge38 ounce frosting film overes1Digital thermometer14 foot square, 3 foot high table14 inch circular electrical heating plate1Thermos1Digital timer11212 terry cloth chill towelSteps filld in the experimental procedure 1. Collect all required materials2. S tabilize and maintain the humidity in examination room use a small home air humidifier. For the examination, the humidity was stabilised at 40%.3. Stabilize and maintain the temperature in testing room using the home HVAC system. For the testing, the room temperature was stabilized at 70.4. Stabilize and maintain the air speed in testing room using isolated room. For the testing, the air speed was essentially dead(a) calm. maintain no special equipment was used to stabilize the air speed. The test was conducted in an isolated room. There was some air movement introduced into the room through with(predicate) stabilizing the room temperature and humidity but was considered not significant enough to impact the tests.5. Place a gallon jug of tap water in the testing room for 3 days so it adjusts to the room temperature and humidity. 6. Pour 100 ml. of tap water from the gallon jug stabilized to testing room temperature into severally of 3 identical 8 ounce glass glasses using a g radatory measuring cup.7. Place the glasses into the center of the room on a table 3 feet off the floor so they are being equally affected by room temperature, humidity, and air movement.8. utilise a 4 inch, circular heating plate, place one of the glasses on the heating plate. The heating plate will raise the temperature of the water in the glass to 140 degrees. Note it takes 30 transactions for the heating plate to heat the water in this glass to the 140 degree mark. Once this consistent temperature is reached, the flock of the water in this glass is rechecked to make sure the testing starting point is 100 ml.9. development a thermos, cooled via keeping it in a refrigerator for 24 hours, insert one of the glasses inside the thermos. The thermos will lower the temperature of the water in the glass to 35 degrees. Note it takes 30 proceeding for the thermos to cool the water in this glass to the 35 degree mark. Once this consistent temperature is reached, the volume of the water in this glass is rechecked to make sure the testing starting point is 100 ml.10. Place a glass on the table and let it stabilize to the room temperature. Note it takes 30 minutes for the water in this glass to stabilize to the room temperature degree mark. Once this consistent temperature is reached, the volume of the water in this glass is rechecked to make sure the testing starting point is 100 ml.11. Using the timer, let the water sit in the testing room at the 3 different temperatures for 180 minutes.12. Using a graduated measuring cup, legal community the remaining water in milliliters from each glass.13. Record how many milliliters remained after evaporation for each temperature for each test.14. take on steps 11-12 for 2 more cycles. gibe evaporation time is 9 hours.15. Wait 24 hours from the start of the test. Repeat steps 1-14.16. Repeat steps 14 one more time.Reason for choosing this particular experimental design plan the reason for this particular experimental design plan was to provide 3 water sources maintained at 3 different temperatures kept in a controlled humidity, room temperature and air rate environment. This environment was expected to provide a soundless environment to allow water evaporation to progress solely based on the temperature of the 3 water sources. Using identical starting water amounts and a graduated measuring cup to measure the resulting water amounts was expected to provide the most accurate results.Sequence of events used to collect quantitative data 1. Using the timer, let the water sit in the testing room at the 3 different temperatures for 180 minutes.2. Using a graduated measuring cup, measure the remaining water in milliliters from each glass.3. Record how many milliliters remained after evaporation for each temperature for each test.4. Repeat steps 1-3 for 3 more cycles. Total evaporation time is 9 hours.5. Wait 24 hours from the start of the test. Repeat steps 1-4.6. Repeat steps 5 two more times.Tools, techno logies, and measurement units used to collect quantitative data The recorded variable was the amount of water in milliliters that remained after evaporation was allowed to occur over in 180 minutes. The water in the 3 glass glasses was measured in milliliters using a graduated measuring cup before and after the evaporation occurred. pendent, independent, and controlled variables Dependent variables the observed result of the independent variable being manipulated was the resulting water amount in each glass after evaporation has occurred Independent variables the value being manipulated or changed in this experiment was the water temperature of the water contained in the 3 glass glasses.Controlled variables the controlled variables were the air humidity, the air speed, the room temperature, the type of water (tap), the amount of water, the location where the water was placed, the size of the containers used, the number of tests conducted, the type of the containers used, and the length of time the water had to evaporate.Threat reduction to internal validity To reduce the threats to internal validity the undermentioned steps were taken1. Stabilize and maintain the humidity in testing room using a small home air humidifier. For the testing, the humidity was stabilized at 40%.2. Stabilize and maintain the air speed in testing room using isolated room. For the testing, the air speed was essentially dead calm. Note no special equipment was used to stabilize the air speed. The test was conducted in an isolated room. There was some air movement introduced into the room through stabilizing the room temperature and humidity but was considered not significant enough to impact the tests.3. Stabilize and maintain the room temperature in testing room using the home HVAC system. For the testing, the room temperature was stabilized at 70.4. Stabilize the water used by placing a gallon jug of tap water in the testing room for 3 days so it adjusts to the room temperature a nd humidity. 5. Stabilize the test environment by placing the glasses into the center of the room on a table 3 feet off the floor so they are being equally affected by room temperature, humidity, and air movement.Hypothesis The hypothesis was that the temperature of the water would affect the evaporation rate of the water the most and that the higher the water temperature, the more evaporation that would occur.The hypothesis proposed that the warmer the water, the more molecules escaped as vapor, and gum olibanum evaporated. The hypothesis theorized that the warmer the waters molecules were the more energy that would be produced and the amount of molecules escaping as vapor would occur at a much faster tone than molecules at lower temperatures.Process of data collectionAt the end of each evaporation cycle of 180 minutes, the contents of each glass were poured into the graduated measuring cup and the resulting water in milliliters was measured and recorded.The data below shows the resulting milliliters for each sample for each test cycle as well as the percentage of evaporation that occurred which was determined by subtracting the resulting value from the original 100 milliliters and dividing by 100 to result in a percentage.Evaporation Test 1SampleResultingmillilitersSamplePercentageof waterevaporationHours36936Heated water70425Heated water0.30.58 live temperature water999897Room temperature water0.010.02Cooled water918068Cooled water0.090.2Evaporation Test 2Hours36936Heated water734810Heated water0.270.52Room temperature water989796Room temperature water0.020.03Cooled water999897Cooled water0.010.02Evaporation Test 3Hours36936Heated water784811Heated water0.220.52Room temperature water999897Room temperature water0.010.02Cooled water968886Cooled water0.040.12Results of experimentThe original purpose of this experiment was to compare the effect of temperature on the evaporation rate of water. The results for the heated sample were as hypothesized. The highest rate of evaporation occurred in the heated sample. Also as the amount of water source decreased from previous evaporations, the subsequent evaporations were larger. The room temperature sample had marginal evaporation as expected.The results of the cooled sample were somewhat surprising, especially in the first test. It was assumed that the rate of evaporation would have been slowed down due to the cooler temperature and it would take longer for the evaporation to occur since the water source would have to warm over time for the molecules to charge and turn into vapor and evaporate.In researching this, it was discovered that these results might have been caused by the perspiration effect on cold water. It was noticed that there was a great deal of perspiration on the outside of the glass when the measurements were taken. After the first test, in an attempt to control this perspiration factor, the thermos was wrapped in the cooling towel. This did have an effect of the readings bu t the cooled sample results were still inconsistent and not what was expected.The results of the 3 separate tests showed consistency in the rate of evaporation across the both the heated and room temperature sources. This satisfies my goal of having a controlled environment in which to perform the tests.ConclusionThe results of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis in terms of heat having the largest impact on the evaporation rate of water. The heated sample had the greatest rate of evaporation.The hypothesis was that the temperature of the water would affect evaporation rate most.The results indicate that this hypothesis should be accepted, because the heated water source had the greatest rate of evaporation. The experimental design was a key factor in the success of the scientific inquiry. By peremptory the air humidity, the air speed, the room temperature, the type of water (tap), the amount of water, the location where the water was placed, the size of the containers used, the number of tests conducted, the type of the containers used, and the length of time the water had to evaporate variables, enabled a controlled environment and allowed the focus of the experiment to be on the variable being manipulated which was the resulting water amount in each glass after evaporation has occurred. If the experimental design was faulty and the controlled environment was not established, other variables may have impacted the results. Humidity, air rate and air speed are factors in the rate of evaporation. If they were not controlled, the results of the experiment would have most likely been inconsistent.This experiment is valid since the test environment was controlled and only one variable was impacted by the test. Having multiple uncontrolled variable can invalidate an experiment in most cases.The experimental design and execution steps listed above would allow anyone to execute this experiment. If the tests were to be re-executed, the perspiration effect of the c ooled sample needs to be taken into account and included in the measurements.Re-execution of the experiment described above and resulting similar results validates the experiment.

Is Penn State tuition too expensive? :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

Is Penn put in tuition too expensive? The Pennsylvania State University is one of the biggest state universities in the nation, with over 40,000 students currently enrolled in that university system. It is also a very old school, with its 150th birthday coming up in the class of 2005. Over the last one and a half century, Penn State has produced the most number of alumni in the world. In my major, meteorology alone, famous alumni such as Jon M. Nese, Greg Forbes, and Joe Bastardi are contributing their invaluable knowledge to the world in the science of meteorology. They are often seen in the national broadcasts. These are some of the major factors attracting billet students to attend Penn State. Do you ever think about the cost of attending Penn State since Penn State is one of the most expensive customary institutions in the unify States?Lets reckon how expensive Penn State is for students. Is it worth as much as $20,000 per year for in-state residents, and is it worth as muc h as $30,000 per year for students living outside of Pennsylvania? More and more students change their final decisions collectible to the expensive cost of attending specific colleges or universities. Towards these issues, I give perform a detailed evaluation so that students can be informed about the cost of tuition at Penn State. First of all, comparing the determine tags of going to Penn State and other similar colleges will provide a basic sense on how expensive Penn State is relative to others. For Midwestern public universities that have nearly the same sizes in enrollment compared to Penn State, the tuition of Penn State is by far more expensive than those Midwestern colleges. Lets consider Michigan State University, with an enrollment of nearly 35,000. The in-state tuition for Michigan State University is about $6,700, while the out-of-state tuition is close to $16,700 (Michigan 2004). On the other hand, Penn StateUniversity Park, has a student population of nearly 34,000 students. The in-state and out-of-state tuitions at Penn State are at least $2,000 more than the tuitions for attending Michigan State (PSU Registrar 2004). Penn States annual tuition is 30% more expensive than some public universities in the Midwest. One may argue that the difference in tuition is due to the location of the universities. This is not true at all, and I will provide evidence that will show that there is a weak or no correlation between the public universitys location and the tuition rate.

Whitmans Music as a Means of Expression Essay -- Whitman Music Musica

Whitmans Music as a Means of ExpressionIn his verses, Walt Whitman eradicates divisions of individual entities while simultaneously celebrating their uncommon characteristics. All components of the universe atomic number 18 united in a metaphysical intercourse, and yet, are assigned very distinct qualities so as to keep their identities intact. oft times, Whitman demonstrates these conceptions through elements of song. Walt Whitman caroled throughout his verse. For the Bard of Democracy, as America came to call our great poet, music was a central metaphor in his life and work, both as a mindset and as a practical reality. (Hampson) His musical poetry lyrically encompasses themes of social equality. Whitman enterprises a communion of persons while using the singer as a poet, lover, typical citizen, bard and a celebrator of the self-importance to express such notions. Whitman discovers music in the daily lives of ordinary individuals and expresses it within his poetry. Especially in respect to the poems Song of Myself, I Sing the Body Electric, and I Hear America Singing, Walt Whitman incorporates music as a vehicle to illustrate democratization. Whitman was a self educated New Yorker who began his literary career by satiating himself with classical reading and appreciating nature. After leaving school, Whitman held a great variety of jobs including a printers apprentice and alter several periodicals. His first independent publication was Leaves of Grass a compilation of various untitled poems. Initially, he was met with limited success or recognition (with the ejection of a satisfied Ralph Waldo Emerson). His second edition was far more warmly welcomed. During the Civil War, Whitman offered his services to care for soldiers ... ... a democratic understanding of society. Whitman deems all persons every bit and interprets their existence as pieces of music. In instances where the average individual would find no value, Whitman depicts unexplored rea lms of appreciation. All members of society are conveyed as agents of music. Their roles are regarded as beautiful contributions to society by defining them with instrumental undertones. Whitmans verses are written with such musical style and context, that they are often times the inspiration for musical compositions (including the likes of Vaughn Williams). In his pieces, Whitman honors the seemingly inferior facets of society, discounting any hierarchy and rather, celebrating all members equally. To effectively portray Whitmans democratic mentality, he delivers his message by expressing his subjects as instruments in a grand societal composition.